Accusations Without Proof

Accusations Without Proof In Arthur Miller's play The Crucible, he tells the story of Salem, Massachusetts during the witch trials. He does this to draw a comparison between the red scare of the 1950s and the false accusations of the girls and the community in Salem in 1692. In his play the little girls who are about twelve to eighteen, they were dancing naked in the forest with a black caldron with Tituba.Paris is the one who finds them and ow all the girls have to lie and say Tituba is in touch with the devil, act like they see evil spirits, and say that people were witches even thou they were not. In the end a lot of people die over silly things that could not even be proven. Some of the things they would do for punishment was, they would hold them underwater for ten minutes and if they came back up dead they were not witches, if they were alive they were. It was a lose lose method and not the best way to solve things.Most cases they came up dead. Another thing they would do is Ju st hang hem and not give them a chance to explain themselves. When they would take them into court and testify that they were not in touch with the devil the girls would act like they see things, and start to get scared. One girl went as far as faking a coma for several hours. The people that died did not deserve to over something silly like little girls trying to get out of trouble. This was much like the Red Scare because, everyone was paranoid thinking communism was taking over.People were questioned to see if they were communist, ust like in The Crucible. It Just goes to show how fast rumors can spread. Arthur Miller wrote about The Crucible because he wanted to show how close it was to the Red Scare, and that people would be questioned without proof. The point of this book is to demonstrate how hysteria and rumors can cause people a lot of problems, which in this case caused several people to die. In the Red Scare people thought Russians were spreading communism. In The Crucibl e people thought witchcraft was spreading through Salem.The girls went as far as letting eople close to them die Just to save themselves from getting in trouble. When Proctor and another member of Salem start an argument over whose land they are on, rumors start to spread that the girls are doing this to get their neighbors land. Elizabeth is the one who convinces John into admitting that he has seen the devil. John agrees to do it. The officers of the court rejoice in finding out something about the trials. But John refuses to give up anymore names in which he saw with the devil.The officers of the court want John to make his confession public but he grows ith anger and tears up the document he was suppose to sign. John and three others were hung at the very end of the book. All of the Salem witch trials could have been avoided if the group of girls would nave Just contessed to dancing naked in the torest. They could nave saved several lives from being ended and unnecessary punishm ents. People had to sit in Jail for years and would have killed themselves instead of going crazy in Jail.In the end they still got in trouble but if they would have confessed right away they would have robably Just got in minor trouble instead of ending up having a bunch of innocent people. The court didn't handle the situation in the right manor either. They put people in Jail that they had no proof against. They could have thought of better ways to decide if they were witches or not instead of having them killed. In conclusion all of the Salem Witch Trials could have been avoided and lives could have been saved if the self-centered girls would have Just confessed right away. â€Å"Mr. Hale, you surely do not doubt my Justice. † -Danforth

American Red Cross: Decision For New Building

The American Red Cross is one of the very busy organizations operating both inside the country as well as in international locations. But this does not impede the movement of the internal operation of the organization that ensures that the American Red Cross is always accessible and amenable to new developments that can help it perform better as an international aid and assistance organization. One of the recent internal decisions that the organization made was the transferring of some of its sections to another location from its former business address.The transfer will have South Central Division changing its office address, as well as key laboratory facilities and divisions of the American Red Cross including the National Testing Lab or the NTL as well as the Missouri-Illinois Blood Services Region. The previous office address of the three offices is found in 4050 Lindell Boulevard in St. Louis (American Red Cross Blood, 2008). Once the building is completed, they will transfer to a new office found in Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (SIUE) campus.The start of the timeline of this project can be attributed to the time when a study conducted six years before the official announcement of the transfer was made, yielding results that include the identification of the need for important facelift in the buildings that houses important sections of the organization, including the blood manufacturing and blood processing section. The next important point in the timeline of this project came two years ago, marking the selection of the current location after a painstaking process of narrowing down prospective location candidates that will house the new building (American Red Cross, 2008).This decision no doubt has financial implications, including the identification of important and key costs that will surface before the project reaches completion. The two relevant costs for this particular decision of the American Red Cross to transfer to another establishme nt will include the cost of the construction of the building and the cost of the new technology that the American Red Cross will bring inside the building since the creation of the building is also a move to have the organization catch up with the available latest technology for its laboratories.While the American Red Cross has not yet identified the official cost of the project, the public may have an idea already if they will base it from the previous American Red Cross projects that involve the erecting of new buildings or the purchasing of existing establishment for the organization. In 1917, the group started shopping for its first national headquarters office, and the money that was used to pay for it came from the government and from private individuals and institutions.The result was a building budgeted at $854,897. 01. A memorial building for the organization followed in 1930, the cost of which pegged at $780,000. There is also the Fiftieth Anniversary Office Building which officially opened its doors on July 7, 1932 after the building project was completed to the tune of $850,000, again shouldered by the government and private groups.Considering the changes in the value of the US dollar and the current costs of building construction and the amenities of the said building, it is easy to say that the new building will amount to not less than 5 million US dollars at the very least (RedCross. org, 2008). There are also some non-relevant costs in this decision, two of which includes the costs of the operation of the American Red Cross for its outreach programs inside the country and for its international operation, and the costs of the education campaign that the American Red Cross is undertaking all year long.The costs of these two particular aspect of the American Red Cross operation is non-relevant to the recently-made decision because this aspect of the operation of the organization is in no way connected to the move of the American Red Cross, since t he move will only involve part of the organization’s laboratory work, including the installation of the equipment necessary for blood testing as well as blood manufacturing.All in all, the probable result(s) of this move will include the improvement of the operation of the group, as well as the shouldering of financial costs of the building if it is burdened to pay such amount in the long term. There are implications rising from this result(s), and it would include operation and financial implications made about by this development. References: American Red Cross (2008). Retrieved May 12, 2008, from http://www. redcross. org/ American Red Cross Blood (2008).American Red Cross Blood Services Relocation Announcement. Retrieved May 12, 2008, from http://americanredcrossblood. org/News/NewsReleases/NewsReleaseViewer/tabid/97/ArticleID/120/CBModuleId/428/Default. aspx Handal, Kathleen A. (1992). The American Red Cross First Aid and Safety Handbook. American Red Cross. Boston: Litt le Brown. Red Cross. org (2008). Red Cross Square: Headquarters of the American Red Cross. Retrieved May12, 2008, from http://www. redcross. org/museum/history/square. asp

Character Analysis of Aminata: Book of Negroes Essay

The Book of Negroes by Lawerence Hill started as a story of the capture of a West African girl and her journey to become a slave. Her traumatizing experience was written with a desperate tone that was achieved through the use of literary devices such as metaphors and alliteration. Emphasis was put on the conflict between Aminata and society which helped to develop her as a hopeful character. â€Å"We walked for many suns, growing slowly in members, lumbering forward until we were an entire town. Each time, people swarmed out to stare at us. Initially, I believed that the villagers were coming to save us. Surely they would oppose this outrage. But they only watched and sometimes brought out captors roasted meat in exchange for cowrie shells and chunks of salt. Some night when they had us lie down in fields, our captors paid village women to cook for us-yams, millet cakes, corn cakes, sometimes with a bubbling peppered sauce. We ate in small groups, crouching around a big calabash, spooning out the hot food with the curved fingers of our right hand. While we ate, our captors negotiated with local chiefs. Ever chief demanded payment for passage through his land. Every night, our captors bartered and bickered well into the evening. I tried to understand, in the hope of leaning something about where we were going and why† (p. 34, Hill). In this quotation, Aminata’s journey is described with a bleak and demoralizing tone. The journey of Aminata and her hostages lasted â€Å"for many suns† and wore down their hope for freedom and their faith in humanity. The hostages continued â€Å"lumbering forward† as â€Å"an entire town of kidnapped peoples,† with no hope of being saved. When â€Å"people swarmed out to stare at us †¦ e initially believed that the villagers were coming to save us. † Eventually the captives realize that the people are only interested in making exchanges with their captors. This leaves the hostages with the forlorn realization that no one would make an attempt to liberate them. The captives were demoralized further when they â€Å"crouched around a big calabash, spooning out hot food with the curved fingers of our right hands. † As captives, the native West Africans were treated as less than human. Like animals, they were forced to gather around a bucket of food and eat without tools. The lack of respect and dignity given to the captives corrupted their sense of self-worth until there was little left but the instinct to survive. Literary devices are a key element in setting the tone of this novel. As the captives were continuing they were â€Å"slowly growing in number†¦ until we were an entire town of kidnapped people. † This metaphor emphasizes the number of prisoners the captors have taken hostage and that the group goes far beyond Aminata. It also emphasizes the amount of power the captors have other the captives. Even though the captives outnumber the captors, the captors are still capable of preventing any rebellion and power within the hostages. Another literary device that highlights the hopeless situation of the captives is parallel structure. On their journey they â€Å"passed village after village, and town after town. † The us of parallel structure creates a sense that the journey of the slaves is perpetual and induces the feeling that the slaves are stuck on a ceaseless journey. This also contributes to the hopeless mood of the novel; with no end in sight the slaves find little to look forward to. Although the captives lose hope in their future, Aminata manages to keep a part of herself hopeful and this is essential to her characterization. Aminata knows that there is a very small chance of escaping, but she also knows that if she has more knowledge of the captor’s plans, she has a better chance at freedom: â€Å"Every night I heard the captors barter and bicker well into the evening. I tried to understand, in the hope of learning something about where they were going, and why. † This also demonstrates her thirst for knowledge. Growing up Aminata strived to learn reading and writing and any other skills she could. She does not let go of this part of herself even in her futile situation. As well as being hopeful and clever, Aminata proves to be innocent and naive. While travelling through villages she believes â€Å"the villagers were coming to save us. Surely they would oppose this outrage. † But Aminata eventually realises that the villagers are not interested in freeing the captives. The only concern the villagers have is to make deals with the captors. Her ideals, that the people of her country would band together to bring a stop to their exploitation, are crushed and strips her of her innocence on her journey to slavery. Aminata finds herself in many conflicts with many different elements. One example is the conflict between her and society. Society viewed Aminata and her fellow prisoners as less than human and with little value. The slaves were treated like animals, â€Å"people swarmed out to stare at us†. They are seen as another species and not as people with intelligence and skills. But contrary to the beliefs of the society, Aminata is an intelligent and skillful girl whose thirst for knowledge is never put to rest. She continues to try â€Å"to understand the chiefs, in the hope of learning something. She also knows how to read and write which is considered extremely valuable in her culture. But because society views slaves as non humans who are not capable of being intellectual, Aminata’s capabilities are not seen by others and she is continual seen as an inferior. The Book of Negroes tells a story about the degrading experience many had to go through because they were seen as inferior. This degradation is apparent through the demoralizing and bleak tone. But Aminata manages to keep hope and a clear head and provide a beacon for herself and others around her. She continues to expand her horizon of knowledge and aspire to better herself. Although she is faced against the power or society, Aminata holds strong to herself and carries on. Her story is told with the use of literary devices such as parallel structure and metaphors to emphasize the desperation and inadequacy of her journey. She manages to look past all the horrors that surround her and hope for a better future, and perhaps with her strong will and knowledge she will achieve this someday.

Final project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Final project - Essay Example The belief’s name came from the word â€Å"Buddha† which means â€Å"the enlightened one†. He was able to achieve this after meditating under the Bodhi tree. After this monumental event, Buddha was able to have a band of followers and he started teaching the path towards awakening. â€Å"The Four Noble Truths† are fundamental to Buddhism. These are: â€Å"dukkha† or suffering, its origins, the path to stop it, and the truth regarding the path to stop it. This leads to the Eightfold path which is the way to freedom that was mentioned in the fourth noble truth. The path has three main divisions: wisdom, ethical conduct, and concentration. Specifically, the eight pathways state that one should have the right view, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration. Buddhists believe that reality should be viewed as how it actually is and not how it seems to be. There should also be an intention of repudiation of materialism a s well as nonviolence and freedom. Believers should speak in peaceful and truthful ways. Actions should be shown in diplomatic ways. A livelihood must be chosen basing on its nonviolent characteristics. Individuals should have ample effort to progress. The mind should be very much aware of the present and not shrouded with hatred. Lastly, proper meditation must be practiced. One of the Buddhism Temples in Massachusetts is located in Boston. At 930 Commonwealth Avenue, the Boston Center of Soka-Gakkai International-USA (SGI-USA) is situated. It is a Buddhist association for peace, culture, and education. Though the temple is near the street, the ambience is made serene with trees and other vegetation. Like any other church, they have weekly and other scheduled services. For instance, their calendar includes Sunday meditation and services, monthly Saturday evening services, and different night activities. They also seek to enlighten visitors with their 4-week-class, essentials of Budd hism. It focuses on their traditional texts, history, meditation practices, and others. To further ascertain knowledge regarding Buddhism, a temple-goer was interviewed. Ken has been attending regular services for a year. I was able to sit next to him during one of their Sunday services. He said that he became a Buddhist through a friend. He has been convinced to join this faith after becoming more well-informed about the practices and their elucidations. When asked about his prior religion, he said that he was an atheist. He added that he could have also been an agnostic. He agreed to be interviewed as long as the details of his personal life and identity will not be revealed. He was very cooperative and proved to have much knowledge about his belief. The steps of becoming a member of Buddhism are somehow vague. First off, there is still a debate whether it may be fully considered as a religion. Some authors say that several of its philosophical and empirical elements may classify it as more of a science than a religion. However, the traditions and rituals involved are much related to the definition of Buddhism. The commonly viewed paths to becoming a full-pledged Buddhist are the major teachings and the â€Å"Three Jewels†. The meaningful credos have two aspects: dependent origination and no-self. This means that a Buddhist must realize his connection to other beings, thus respecting them. Furthermore, one must understand that giving up of selfish desires is necessarily to truly attain liberation. In addition,

Gained Knowledge From Taking the English Composition Class Essay

Gained Knowledge From Taking the English Composition Class - Essay Example My learning outcomes as illustrated above have been diverse with the main motivation being the overall abilities acquired through the course. So far I have been able to exhibit a proper understanding of grammar which is captured through improved sentence structures and through grammar usage. My scope of writing has improved and I can be able to write effectively with the inclusion of thesis statement and other minor structural factors that define the success of an English composition class. Through the attendance of the class, I have been able to link up the different aspects of composition writing, through developing a proper beginning to an essay, developing the body of the essay and also in elaborating the conclusion which captures the entirety of the essay written. Reid (2000) Other additions have been in relation to the organization both derived from an individual basis and also as reflected on the essays I have written. The composition class has engaged my reasoning which has aided in the arrangement of my essays through the integration of different strategies ranging from transitional devices which guarantee improved flow and consistency in my presentations. Through the change, I have learned how to express different tones and level of formality in my essay examples which has proved vital in capturing the attention of the audience and improved individual awareness. In relation to the assertion above, through embracing diversity in writing, my cognitive skills have improved resulting in analytical thinking, critical reading and improved awareness of the subject matter.

The Changing Geography of International Business Essay - 1

The Changing Geography of International Business - Essay Example The word ‘Latin America’ is used to explain the collection of 21 countries in the continent of South America. The language that is spoken is Latin. It has been observed that Latin America enjoys components of historical experience, culture and language. Latin America is an ethnically diverse region and is also deemed as a mounting political and economic force. The main languages that are spoken in this continent are Spanish, Portuguese and French. Conventionally, the Hispanic family is a cohesive group and the most vital social unit. They generally believe in extended family. It has been observed that in Latin cultures, the familial group is quite crucial. In a few of the Latin American countries, peasants might leave their workplaces during holidays so that they can meet their relatives in other parts of the country. They also tend to attend the funeral, weddings of their friends, or distant relatives. A manager may be faced with greater difficulties related to non-atte ndance impacting the workplace to a major extent. According to a study conducted by Geert Hofstede for Latin American countries, it was noted that there is high power distance in Latin America. In Latin America, the people in higher level of authority expect to gain respect from others and are familiar to make decisions without taking into consideration the viewpoints of their subordinates. Latin America has low individualism rate. In Latin America gender roles become quite different in comparison to the United States, men hold the greater authority.

Compare Tesco and Sainsbury Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compare Tesco and Sainsbury - Coursework Example The firm paid an extra  £0.04 in comparison with the previous year. Sainsbury had a dividend per share in 2013 of  £16.7, a figure that is  £0.6 higher than in 2012. Overall Sainsbury paid higher dividends than Tesco. Tesco’s dividend cover was 0.10 and 2.38 in 2013 and 2012 respectively. Dividend coverage indicates the capacity of an organization to pay dividends out of profit attributable to shareholders (Accounting-simplified, 2013). Sainsbury had dividend coverage of 1.95 and 1.99 in 2013 and 2012. The dividend coverage of Sainsbury was better than Tesco in 2013, but lower in 2012. The dividend yield ratio shows the return on terms of cash dividends being provided by the stock. Tesco dividend yield ratio was superior to Sainsbury both in 2013 and 2012. The price-earnings ratio is an important indicator of comparative value in which an investor is better off buying a stock with low price-earnings ratio than high price-earnings ratio (Ft). Both the price-earnings ratio results of Tesco in 2013 and 2012 were lowered than Sainsbury, thus Tesco performed better than Sainsbury in this metric. The book value per share measures the amount that would be distributed to shareholders if all assets were sold at their balance sheet carrying amounts and if all creditors were paid off (Garrison, et al. 2003). Since a high value is the preferable output Tesco performed better than Sainsbury in this ratio. The market to book ratio of Sainsbury is much higher than Tesco on both years because its stock is valued higher in the

Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison - Case Study Example This essay would further provide instances from Ellison's life and would provide with the perspective and situation of the United States of America at those times. The book Invisible Man revolves around a black man born in America. It tells about the differences which were between the black and whites of America. The protagonist in the story portrays himself as an invisible man who is avoided and ignored by the society he is living in. The novel takes place in the 20th century which shows that it is placed in the very century that Ellison is living in. The Eastern United States in the mid 19th century was filled with racism and this impacted the whole theme of the book written by Ellison. Racism is a very important theme of the story which is maintained through out. White men are the respected members of the society in the novel, and so they were in the reality too. The college of blacks is run by the whites of the society and thus they should be respected in the novel. The novel came out when the world war II had ended and the world was recovering from the war. However the black society in the 1950s was still lagging behind and was being disc riminated. However actions were taken by the community to revive their rights in the society. Similar sort of actions were seen in the story written by Ellison. The discrimination prevailing amongst the black and whites in America impacted the book most. The fights and violence happening between these two races is also portrayed in the book. As in the first chapter the Battle Royal clearly shows how blacks were used by the Whites for their entertainment purposes. In the 1950s the blacks were treated as the inferior human beings on the face of this earth. It seemed that the white dominated society aimed at making these beings inferior in the society and put harm to them. They did not want the blacks to study or prosper in anyway. As seen in the story the narrator is expelled from his college only because of some harsh incidents which occur with a white trustee of the college. Furthermore in the 1950s the blacks of the United States were not united enough to stand to the white dominat ed society. There was segregation amongst the black individuals of the society which is the sole reason that the blacks could not prosper in the society. Again this was shown at several instances by Ellison in the novel as it is a person of black ethnicity only which expels the author from his college. Further the segregation amongst the groups between blacks is also seen in the novel which creates fights and riots among the black society only. The title of invisible man itself shows that the black individuals are not being seen by the society and seem invisible in a white dominated society. Blacks were not offered proper jobs in the 1950s because of their race and this is also shown in the novel by Ellison when the narrator is not able to get a proper job. The discrimination in the workplace in those times was so much that the blacks were not offered proper jobs even if they were educated. Like in the story the narrator is not offered a good job even when he is educated. The story further shows that the narrator has to settle down to work as a worker in the boiler room where even then he is discriminated by his employers and co-workers. The major theme of the

The exhibition as a process and as a product Case Study

The exhibition as a process and as a product - Case Study Example of the team into a multi-disciplinary exhibition research team is that; it is through broad research into exhibition themes and subjects, that it can be possible to design an exhibition theme that will be relevant, yet attractive to a broad audience (Morris, 2002:8). Thus, through the different research areas that the sub-groups of the team engaged in analyzing, it eventually became possible to emerge with the theme of displaying how and why image has been controlled through time. Further, the operation of the team as a research group was further reinforced by the ability of the team to work together in harmony, a factor that was a major source of strength for the process. Teamwork is an essential component for achieving success in different projects, and most especially in projects that entail combination of different individual strengths (Bedno, 1999:42). The process of preparing for an exhibition highly depends on the multiple strengths of different members of a team, considering that there are different roles that need to be played in the process, such as planning, designing, interpreting, curate and educating the audience (Downey, 2002:44). All these different roles highly depended on the different strengths of the team members, considering that some team members were highly competent in researching and developing content, while others were good at designing and planning, and still others played the role of educating the audience very well. This combination eventually produced a very competent team, considering that specialization is an effective strategy in the process of division of labor, which allows individuals to concentrate and specialize on the areas that they are highly competent and proficient (Kamien, 2002:127). Through this specialization and division of labor, the work process was effectively broken down into categories of tasks, and the competent individuals in such areas were offered the responsibilities. Thus, specialization and division of

What Works (Position Paper) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What Works (Position ) - Research Paper Example 52). The Phoenix Youth and Family Services (PYFS) was reported to be a community development program which established the Comprehensive Community-Based Judicial Services program as a means to address the needs of delinquent youths (Harris, 2006). The organization established linkages with various government justice agencies to assist juvenile-offenders in re-entry efforts to the community. Among the features of their juvenile correctional programs include: pre-release connections, transition phase support, a simulated work environment with family involvement, education and training support, community service, life skills and support, and job placement assistance (Harris, 2006). The Youth Opportunity (YO) Boston Youth Offender Program was stipulated as a program that serves the need of high-risk youth offenders (Harris, 2006). The key features of the program include the following: the provision for intensive pre-release intervention in detention facilities, the deployment of YO infrastructure for intensive aftercare support, the application of a four-tiered transitional employment services model, as well as offering summer and winter jobs programs targeted to serious offenders (Harris, 2006). According to Alarid (2015), â€Å"in juvenile corrections success is measured by the future behaviors of the youth† (p. 315). As such, juvenile corrections programs which offers interventions that aim to develop knowledge and skills of juvenile offenders to make them productive citizens are deemed to be most effective. As such, from the three juvenile corrections programs that were selected above, the program that is believed to be the most effective and efficient is the program which focuses on providing educational or skills-development training, in conjunction with assisting in seeking employment opportunities. So far, the three programs provide training and assistance for juvenile offenders by preparing them for re-entry and

Business Ethics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Ethics - Case Study Example As with most ethical decisions, there is likely no one solid answer, but I have done my best below to provide some possible courses of action that the judge in this case could consider. Question 1 In this situation, Mr. Groetsch has done nothing wrong. As such, he is under no obligation to allow other people to handle his personal fight against Securities America. He is convinced that he has been financially damaged as a result of this case, and he is perfectly able to work through arbitration on his own, with a judge, to come a fair resolution. Let us remember that arbitration was set up as a way to settle disputes between two parties who simply cannot come to an agreement on any given problem. The judge in this situation should only concern himself with the specific arbitration case that Mr. Groetsch has dutifully bought before him, regardless of any potential impact on cases that might be pending before other courts at a future date. This is a decision that will likely weigh on th e judge, knowing that many more clients may lose out on a judgment in the future that is rightfully due them. In the end, however, the judge is ethically responsible for the arbitration hearing in this case and should let it proceed without delay. Question 2 This case is particularly troublesome because of the sheer number of clients that were adversely impacted as a result of the fraudulent acts partaken by Securities America. Due to this unique situation, no one person should receive the benefit of arbitration at this time until the outcomes of the class action suits are settled. The actions of one fraudulent company has negatively impacted the lives of many people, so the judge should ethically do everything in his power to make sure all alleged victims have an equally opportunity at a fair judgment. The judge should go ahead and table the arbitration hearing and allow the cases in Montana and Massachusetts to proceed. This will allow the money that is currently available to be p aid out to victims to remain in a frozen, yet liquid account to be distributed once the case is completed. Once settled, the judge should then allow the arbitration to proceed until finished. The reasoning behind this lies in simple numbers. Should one person benefit greatly from arbitration, draining a limited pool of funds that will be available, while the masses are left to scrounge what is left over? In this case, that would not be a beneficial course for anyone involved, except Mr. Groetsch. It needs to be pointed out that he had the option to join the class action suit, yet for whatever reason, decided not to. As such, he has given up his claim to that hearing. His actions, however, do nothing to mitigate the fact that class action suits are filed to level the playing the field. That is what the judge should do in this case – level the playing field so all victims will eventually be compensated in a fair and equitable manner. Question 3 The judge in this case can also a ct as an advisor. In the legal system, judges are put in place to protect those that appear before them. In this particular situation, it appears that the interests of Mr. Groetsch will be best served if he were to drop his arbitration claim and fold his interests into the class action suits that are pending. This becomes particularly helpful advice if the judge has already determined that he is going to table the arbitration hearing until the current cases in Montana and Massachusetts are resolved. If this were to happen, there would simply be little to no money left to pay Mr. Groetsch in any event. While the estimated 10 cents to the dollar is not a happy outcome for this client, it will certainly be better than

Letter on Intent Essay Example for Free

Letter on Intent Essay For 2 years I have been involved with the fitness industry as a Zumba Fitness Instructor. It has brought people, communities, and entire regions together through dance. Zumba Fitness brightens lives, invigorates souls, and brings good will to all those who attend classes. Now being able to share my love for fitness with the students of Northern Arizona University by enriching their lives with having a great time while exercising is what I look for as in instructor. Though the constant efforts that is behind the fitness program, I want to enhance my professional development as a group fitness instructor by being given the opportunity to learn and grow as an individual. AFAA Primary Group Exercise will help me increase the awareness of fitness education and its benefits to individuals and communities. As our classes increase as a whole, I want to be aware of each individual and their safety is always a priority. I may only have only 2 years in the fitness industry but I believe it is the right time to enhance my knowledge. Zumba fitness brings all types of age ranges to classes and being aware of that is the most important. in the future I would like to keep an open range and explore more formats, but education of fitness is the first thing to do before I can keep opening up opportunities in the fitness industry. With your generous support in helping me attend AFAA Primary Group Exercise Certification, I will continue to nourish our community and keep our classes strong for years to come. Thank you and I look forward continuing working  with you.

Examining The Social Justice Issue And Human Trafficking Criminology Essay

Examining The Social Justice Issue And Human Trafficking Criminology Essay A social justice issue that is a global issue is human trafficking. Human trafficking is a wide spread issue that is affecting many third world countries and developing countries. Human trafficking has become an international concern. One country in particular that is affected by this issue is Thailand. Human trafficking is the trade for woman and children which is similar to slavery. The woman and children can be fooled into human trafficking and can be forced to work for low wages and forced into prostitution. Human trafficking of woman and children started during the Vietnam War (Womens International Network News, 2003). Beginning in the 1980s Thai women began moving to European countries to get involved in the entertainment business which shortly transformed into the trafficking of woman for sexual exploitation (Womens International Network News, 2003). Women and girls were being trafficked all over Europe for prostitution and for the mail order bride business. Woman and children trafficked into Thailand were from Burma, Cambodia, South China, and Laos (Womens International Network News, 2000). During the 1990s around 400,000 woman and children were being trafficked in and out of Thailand (Womens International Network News, 2003). Thailands most known universal problem is prostitution. Thailands Public Health Department estimates that there are about 75,000 prostitutes in Thailand (Womens International Network News, 94). The majority of women involved in prostitution come from poor rural areas. These women have little to no economic opportunities in their home villages and turn to working as prostitutes in urban areas as a way of fulfilling obligations and improving the standard of living for themselves and their families (Womens International Network News, 94). Majority of northern Thai girls turn to prostitution because they feel that they need to repay their parents for giving birth to them and providing them with what they have so far in their lives. The religion that most Thai citizens practice is Buddhism. The Buddhist belief system in northern Thailand is part of the reason for the approval of prostitution. Thai Buddhists believe that each persons soul inhabits many physical bodies over time, with the quality of each life influenced by the souls store of merit (Bower, 2005). Prostitution performed out of the need to aid ones family builds up merit, despite the nature of the job itself (Bower, 2005). In Thailand the first born daughter commonly stays home to help her parents in the home. The second born daughter is traditionally the familys financial helper who turns to any job that they can get. The last born daughter generally receives a higher education than her other sisters (Bower, 2005). Thai Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) estimate that about twenty thousand Burmese women and girls are involved in forced prostitution and half are new recruits that are brought in every year (Womens International Network News, 1994). They women and children normally end up being sent back to Burma after a year or two because they want new recruits. Burmese women and girls make up an estimated 800,000 to 2 million prostitutes that are working in Thailand (Womens International Network News, 1994). Thailand government is guilty of complicity in the trafficking of Burmese women and girls into Thailand for forced prostitution. The Thai government has been failing numerously to punish their own officials and others who are engaged or profit from sex trade (Womens International Network News, 1994). In 1993 the royal Thai government began wrongfully arresting and sending back hundreds of Burmese victims, in violation of Thailands obligations under national and international law instead of punishing officials who are involved. The Burmese women and girls work ten to eighteen hours a day, twenty-five days a month with anywhere from 5-15 clients a day (Womens International Network News, 1994). The women and children were receiving little information pertaining to health care and birth control. Most of the women and girls are virgins when they enter and become HIV positive when they leave. Majority of the prostitutes clients are Thai police officers. Some of the brothels are located near police stations and witness brothel owners paying protection money to local police (Womens International Network News, 94). In 1992 The Thai Prime Minister Chuan Leekpai declared that they would become stricter with official involvement in prostitution (Womens International Network News, 94). Unfortunately this did not include brothel owners, recruiters and pimps from punishment. Authorities were arresting the victims of prostitution and were detaining and abusing them before deporting them. Few women and girls have been rescued and housed by local NGOs prior to their return to Burma (Womens International Network News, 94). The people involved in sex trafficking view women as a cash crop to be exploited and they help with foreign exchange dollars and help pay on the foreign debt. In 1996 an estimate of 6 million sex tourists from all over the world brought in almost 30 billion dollars which is thirteen times more than they make building and exporting computers in Thailand (Leuchtag, 2003). The United Nations has reported that an estimate of 5 to 7 billion dollars a year the sex trafficking business makes. The United Nations believes that about 4 million woman and children and moved illegally from country to country annually. They also estimate that thirty percent of the children being trafficked are minors and a large number may even be under the age of thirteen. During the 1990s, Thailand laws declared that fifteen was the age of consent. A child of the age of twelve to fifteen years old who got paid for sex was viewed as acceptable to abuse them, with or without their consent (Arnold, Bertone, 2002). Italian, Camorra, Chinenese, Triads, Russian Mafia, and Japanese Yakuza are criminal syndicates who are very powerful and have much involvement in the sex trafficking trade of woman and children (Leuchtag, 2003). . These criminal syndicates operate globally and traffick woman from all over the world and bring them in and out of different countries (Leuchtag, 2003). In 1996 a bill was passed on suppression and prostitution of adult woman. Women who were found to be involved in prostitution would be fined. Minors found to be involved in prostitution would be rehabilitated and their parents who were involved would get punished as well (Womens International Network News, 2003). A new bill was passed in 1997 the anti-trafficking bill. This bill protected woman and all children. The bill also protects woman and children of other nationalities who are trafficked into Thailand. Even though the bill was passed traffickers found new ways to recruit women and get them across borders and into work (Womens International Network News, 2003). An international law was enforced that began in 1999 and took enforcement in 2000. The law was an agreed definition of what human trafficking is that took place between 120 countries. The countries wanted to separate issues of trafficking and issues of prostitution (Leuchtag, 2003). The countries also came to an agreemen t on how to prosecute, protect women and children from partaking in trafficking and prostitution, and prevention mechanisms. Once the law was decided the Thai government introduced a memorandum of understanding for the treatment of trafficking of woman and children. It was for the government to take responsibility and legal actions against trafficking and supply assistance for those that have been involved in trafficking (Womens International Network News, 2003). There is a government assistance bill that covers woman who are migrated from another country into Thailand (Womens International Network News, 2003). In 2000 The United Nations created the first legislation to put an end to international human trafficking (Womens International Network News, 2000). The protocol asks for states to cooperate against international organized crime, and for the victims of trafficking to stay in the country they were trafficked to and to enforce laws against sex trade (Womens International Networ k News, 2000). The law defines trafficking as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms coercion, of abduction of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power, or of a position of vulnerability, or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation (Leuchtag, 2003). In early 2000 a non-governmental organization (NGO) called Project Hope International was created. The NGO is based in Washington, D.C. Project Hope International fights against child sexual exploitation and trafficking of girls and women into the international sex trade (Arnold, Bertone, 2002). The goal of Project Hope International is to communicate between the Thai NGOs and the U.S. government, and American NGOs and the Thai government (Arnold, Bertone, 2002). The organization also would like to facilitate the flow of accurate information. In Thailand there has been a steady decrease in the numbers of Thai women and girls in the sex trade, and an increase in the numbers of females from neighboring countries (Arnold, Bertone, 2002). The reason for the decline is because of positive economic development in Thailand (Arnold, Bertone, 2002). In 2003 investigators entered into one of the provincial capitals brothels searching for women and children trafficked from neighboring Burma (Montlake, 2003). The officials found the owner/owners of the brothel and they were taken into police custody. Six of the 29 women rescued were minors and more than half had been forced into prostitution (Montlake, 2003). Some of the women didnt feel like they were rescued because the money they made was lost and this prevented them from making more money. The U.S., other countries and nations are lending support to anti-trafficking initiatives in Thailand (Montlake, 2003). Since 2000, the U.S. has spent an estimate of atleast $100 million on anti-trafficking aid. Thailands has been improving the way they approach and treat women from other countries caught in trafficking raids. Anti- trafficking organizations next focus will be to bring to justice criminals who profit from human trafficking (Montlake, 2003). The traffickers who dont get caught or do and get away with it without any punishment will turn to finding new women to replace those rescued. Activist report that majority of the women who are rescued return to Thailand and that it is not uncommon for the women or girls to be rescued several times (Montlake, 2003). There are two steps to trafficking. Step one is village to foreign country and step two is town to foreign country. Currently sex traffickers are using the one step pattern to traffick woman and girls (Womens International Network News, 2003). The Thai government has set up a national committee of government organizations and non-government organizations to make policies on trafficking. The Thai government has been working with international and regional agencies to compose against trafficking (Womens International Network News, 2003). Human trafficking is an issue that goes against the feminist theory. The feminist theory involves the liberation of women and girls from discrimination based on gender (Kirst-Ashman, 2008). The main goal or purpose is self-determination for women and girls. There are major themes that follow the feminist theories such as, gender lens, patriarchy, empowerment, consciousness raising, personal is political, importance of process, unity in diversity, and validation (Kirst-Ashman, 2008). Thailand does not follow this theory at all. Women are mistreated and not given much of an option of whether or not they want to become a sex slave or prostitute. In most areas of Thailand women dont have many economic choices for work or their family expects them to turn to sex trafficking/prostitution. It seems like in Thailand they are not educating citizens in school or in general about empowerment and equality of women. It seems that it is a norm for women to turn to sex trade to make money for thems elves and to repay their families. The government and other countries have been trying to enforce and initiate laws to stop trafficking and for women to have human rights as men of Thailand have. Starting in the mid 1990s Thai women wanted to get involved and work closely with non-governmental organizations because of the trafficking of woman and children movement. Women have been getting involved to protect themselves but other people need to jump onboard to help make changes and to make laws permanent and to reinforce them. Women in Thailand in most cases have equal rights in the areas of education, matrimonial property, and the right to choose habitation and employment, and child custody. Laws against prostitution in Thailand continue to not be effectively enforced (Womens International Network News, 94). In majority of the cases of prostitution brothels will pay off local government representatives and police. Poor legislation, police corruption, and cultural norms are commonly blamed for the lack of necessary measures needed to be taken against prostitution (Womens International Network News, 94). Women in Thailand face discrimination and harassment because of their work as prostitutes. International cooperation is an essential component between government agencies and between non-governmental organizations to ensure that agents and brothel owners involved in trafficking across national borders are arrested and prosecuted, and that women who have been trafficked are given the proper assistance and help needed (Womens International Network News, 97). Recommendations to Combat International Traffic in Women is a womens foundation that is involved in preventing trafficking of women and to help the women who have been involved in trafficking (Womens International Network News, 97). From the help from Feminist human rights activist and organizations women have begun to confront their situation and conditions, leave prostitution, speak out against it, reveal their experience, and help other women and children leave as they did ( Leuchtag, 2003). Sex and forced labor trafficking is considered slave trade of the twenty-first century and the greatest human rights test (Stone, 2005). Since 2003, 150 countries have signed the legislation and governments, international agencies, and local non-governmental organizations continue to introduce and start national and regional programs to stop trafficking (Womens International Network News, 2003). Today human trafficking continues to be an issue unresolved. Governments from all over the world need to come together and come up with different approaches to continue to gradually diminish this global issue. Human rights should continue to grow as sex trafficking is prohibited. Nongovernmental organizations today are well-organized, well-established, and well-respected in and outside of Thailand. They have learned to work together with international organizations and networking (Segrave, Milivojevic, 2005). Putting an end to prostitution and women being sexually exploited will give women mo re dignity, increase in human rights, and will be more respected by men.

Sociocultural Theory Individuals Involvement In Social Interactions Education Essay

Sociocultural Theory Individuals Involvement In Social Interactions Education Essay Sociocultural theory (SCT) illustrates how an individuals development is connected to cultural, social and historical framework. The main focus of SCT, in particular, is an individuals connection and involvement in social interactions and culturally controlled activities which shape and construct mental development. Sociocultural perspective centres on the social framework as fundamental to learning. It lays emphasis on the importance of social interactions by communicating and instructing in learning, highlighting that the social environment is not just the place where learning happens, it is integral to it. SCT suggests learning is a cultural action, young children are seen as novices within a cultural setting that learn from elders of that way of life, therefore, learning can be either formal or informal and achieved via parents, siblings, friends, teachers etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This results in children learning about the practices, beliefs and values of the community they grow up in or are placed in, consequently learning to become members of that community/group. SCT also explains and acknowledges individual differences in learning via the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) (Vygotsky(1896 -1934)). This is the gap amid what an individual is capable of doing on their own and what they can do with assistance of a knowledgeable other, ensuring that a child can accomplish jointly what s/he could not achieve alone. A major scholar that was vital to the progression of cultural-historical psychology and creator of SCT as we now know it, was Lev S. Vygotsky (1896 -1934). Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist whos work was banned and prohibited under Joseph Starlin in 1936, this ban was later lifted in 1956 three years after Stalins death. Vygotsky first started working as a psychology teacher in 1917 and during this period he was accumulating information simultaneously for his thesis and a book that was to be named Pedagogical Psychology, of which, was published in 1926. Vygotsky inspired a lot of original research and his works were translated into English in the 1960s. He also became influential within education around the 1980s and to this day. (http://vygotsky.afraid.org/#TimelineVygotskysLifeWorks) Vygotskys work was based on Marxist and social constructivist theories. Vygotsky stated that his academic focus was to learn from Marxs whole method how to build a science, how to approach the investigation of the mind (Vygotsky, cited Ratner(1997)) and also build upon an overt Marxist psychology. Vygotsky believed Marxist psychology is not a school amidst schools, but the only genuine psychology as a science. A psychology other than this cannot existà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦everything that was and is genuinely scientific belongs to Marxist psychology (Vygotsky, cited Ratner(1997)). Vygotsky suggested that development took place on two planes, that of the social plane via interaction and through a psychological plane as learners internalise meanings, for example, putting together a jigsaw puzzle or reading a picture book. He also believed that cognitive development occurred through conversations and interactions with more capable members of a group/culture. SCT took into account aspects of creativity and that education should not solely be concerned with learning knowledge and skills but for children to develop the capacity to think clearly, to plan and be able to pass on their understanding via interaction and communication. The key to human intelligence, Vygotsky discovered, was to effectively utilize different types of tools, not the material tools we use to increase our physical capabilities such as cutlery or levers, but psychological tools extending mental probabilities such as language and writing. These tools are described as cultural tools, of which, Vygotsky believed language to be the most important of all; as language facilitates humans to make sense of the world, is the medium of sharing knowledge and is the basis of thought. The interrelationship of language and thought was also a factor Vygotsky held to be of prominence in an individuals development. It is often noticed that young children run a commentary of what they are doing and seeing, a child develops this external speech which later in life becomes internalised as thought, therefore, speech formation that is mastered by children then becomes the basic structures of their thinking. Vygotsky was a prolific writer; he successfully built up a plethora of ideas in his short life as a scholar (he died when he was just 37 years of age of Tuberculoses). As a result, whilst a good deal of the framework for SCT was presented by Lev Vygotsky; growth, expansion and enhancement of SCT is evident in text regarding cultural-historical activity theory (Cole, 1996; Cole Engestrom, 1994) and activity theory (Chaiklin Lave, 1993; Leontiev, 1981) Further to this, in the Soviet Union, the Kharkov School of Psychology was vital for preserving the contribution of Lev Vygotsky. There, the students accomplished new avenues of subsequent development. Jerome Bruner was firstly influenced by Jean Piagets work of cognitive development although later by Vygotsky whos work he broadly developed. Brunner agreed with SCT that a childs social environment, and for the most part, social interaction were particularly imperative in the process of development and learning. Bruners theory of scaffolding is a theory that stemmed from Vygotskys theory of ZPD. Focusing on learning via communication between child and adult. Scaffolding refers to the gradual retraction of adult influence and direction, as the child develops greater mastery of a given task. Another academic that built upon Vygotskys works of SCT include Barbara Rogoff, she writes: Childrens cognitive development is an apprenticeship-it occurs through guided participation in social activity with companions who support and stretch childrens understanding of and skill in using the tools of the culture (1990:7) Its evident that Rogoffs theory of guided participation builds on Bruners theory of scaffolding, highlighting that childrens cognitive development takes place in a social context while expanding SCT beyond language-based dialogue; as the guided learner is also guided by the books that they read, the internet sites they visit and the importance of other such methods of unspoken communication. Rogoff has sourced many books on psychology, one of which The Cultural Nature of Human Development'(2003) examines, amongst many other things, the role of culture in human development and recognizing the arrangement of similarities and differences between cultural communities. For instance, the involvement children have in activities that their elders carry out in the community, which is subsequently the passing on of knowledge and cultural tools. This notion originates and builds upon Vygotskys SCT. Having presented SCT, I will now briefly put forward the theory I will compare it with which is the Piagetian developmental model. Piagetian developmental model was founded by the work of Jean Piaget (1896 1980). He was a SwissHYPERLINK ../../../../../../../wiki/Developmental_psychologist psychologist and philosopher who believed childrens education was extremely important. As a result, his work focused largely on the development of infants in particular, he was so interested in this area that he gained a lot of his empirical evidence from observing and interviewing his own three children. Piagetian developmental model refers to how the individual understands things and gains knowledge in terms of developmental stages and learning styles. It is about the individual acting as the active agent whom interacts with the world that surrounds them. According to Piaget, the child is someone who constructs his own moral world view, who forms ideas about right and wrong, and fair and unfair, that are not the direct product of adult teaching and that are often maintained in the face of adult wishes to the contrary (Gallagher Reid (1979): 26). Piaget was a professor of psychology at the University of Geneva (1929-1975) and restructured the cognitive development theory into stages, which built upon previous work from James Mark Baldwin(1861-1934) an American philosopher and psychologist. These four developmental stages are (1) infancy, (2) pre-school, (3) childhood, and (4) adolescence. Each stage has a cognitive construction which dictates the childs way of thinking and the childs grasp of reality, as the child goes from one stage to the next, except the last, there is always an insufficient understanding of reality, a disequilibrium is caused which in turn results in the reorganisation of thought structures. The four development stages are described in Piagets theory as: Sensorimotor stage: from birth to age 2 years (children experience the world through movement and senses and learn object permanence) Preoperational stage: from ages 2 to 7 (acquisition of motor skills) Concrete operational stage: from ages 7 to 11 (children begin to think logically about concrete events) Formal operational stage: after age 11 (development of abstract reasoning). (Rosenfield Santrock (1998)) Piaget therefore found that this theory is connected by two vital components; one part that prognosticates a childs capabilities dependant of their age/biological maturation and a theory that illustrates the way a learner develops, what steps or stages that an individual must travel through to end up with an outcome, a predetermined objective. Piaget proposes, by his theory of cognitive development, that an individual can not simply be presented with information and for them to make sense of it straight away. Consequently, a construction of an individuals own knowledge that is built by their own experiences is required. This formation of experiences can then permit learners to make schemas, these are an individuals mental structure and personal understanding of the world around them, that is accordingly changed and built upon dependent on the increase of opportunities to explore their world. The original idea of schemas was proposed by philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) as innate structures used to help us perceive the world (Eysenck (2010)). This change or upgrade is accomplished by two collaborating procedures: Assimilation and Accommodation. Assimilation is a mental process of receiving and adapting new information into the pre-existing schema. Its about making sense of something new based on what one already knows and is moderately subjective as an individual adjusts a new concept as to correspond with previous notions and ideas. For example a child knows an animal to have four legs and when that child see a dog he calls it an animal, when the child is informed that this is not only an animal but a dog assimilation takes place and from then on as s/he encounters more different types of four legged creatures the process of assimilation continues each time ending with the state of equilibrium which renders that stage or understanding as complete Accommodation can be described as a mental process one uses to become accustomed to the new information that is set before us, so for instance it is a process that takes place when there is no pre-existing schema and a whole new concept needs to be understood. For example as stated above the child accustomed to the notion of animals having four legs, so when encountering a monkey the child will have to accommodate that not all animals walk on all fours all the time. The process of accommodation can be more distressing for the learner causing a disequilibrium, especially for infants who go through the process of potty training for instance, as the whole concept is different and out of the childs comfort zone therefore this process can take a longer period of time. Piagets theory is used today in the way key stages are set up in the current primary and secondary curriculum and therefore exemplifies the magnitude of his work. There are also theorists that build upon his concept of developmental models who are known as neo-Piagetians such as Hughes, Bower and Wishart who have modified certain experiments such as the object permanence test (Bower and Wishart (1972)) and the policemen doll experiment (Hughs (1975)) which both demonstrate a flaw in Piagets experimental process. Having briefly presented the two theories of cognitive development, I will now discuss some similarities and differences, developing some of the key ideas of each theory. Piagetian developmental model and SCT mutually agree that a childs cognitive development takes place in stages (Jarvis Chandler (2001):149), however, the way in which these stages are portrayed by each theory differ. Whilst Piaget looked at a childs cycle of life from birth to adulthood as being a stage by stage learning pathway such as, preoperational stage taking place from ages 2 to 7, Vygotsky looked at the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) where a child is moved on from one stage of unknowing to the stage of knowing with the help and guidance of a knowledgeable other, which is not based on biological maturation and age but on an individuals personal level of attainment. Vygotskys concept of ZPD illustrates a childs existing and possible capability to do something. (Flanagan 1999 P.72). Vygotsky states that there are three stages that a learner will progress through, the first being tasks that could not be performed even with help, the second which is assisted performance where tasks are being accomplished by means of assistance from a knowledgeable other and finally the third which is independent performance where a learner can complete a task independently and without assistance. For that reason, the concept of ZPD can allow for deeper and enhanced comprehension of the learning process itself (Flanagan 1999 P.73) and also an effective way of evaluating a learners capability as opposed to generalising children into stages or bands of development, as Piaget does with his stage theory. Further to this, in one of Bruners books The Process of Education (1960) he explains his SCT view on the readiness for learning which is unlike Piagets developmental model of stage by stage learning dependant of biological maturation. He suggests that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦any subject can be taught effectively in some intellectually honest form to any child at any stage of development. (ibid.: 33) He goes on to refer to his concept of the Spiral curriculum: A curriculum as it develops should revisit this basic ideas repeatedly, building upon them until the student has grasped the full formal apparatus that goes with them (ibid.: 13). Piaget established a concept that a childs way of thinking differentiates as they grow from infancy to childhood right up until adulthood. This journey of stages that one passes through as one matures is segmented into four stages of cognitive development (as mentioned previously) which is defined as Piagets Stage Theory. (Ginsburg, Opper (1979):26). Piaget put forward that these stages were universal for all children, for example the progression of how a child encountered each stage was set to a fixed pathway from one stage to the next, also, he acknowledged that the speed at which a child went, from beginning to end, would vary and therefore relative to their age/maturation. The transition from one stage to the next, consequently, was only possible when the child was cognitively ready and he believed that a child should not be pushed to learn the next stage of knowledge pending that the child is cognitively complete in the previous stage. Thereforer it can be suggested thast piagets theory of stage development can be far more rigid and set, in contrast, SCT beleives stages can be re-visited and also merge together more continuously to achieve a deeper understanding of knowledge as Bruner states: To instruct someone is not a matter of getting him to commit results to mind. Rather, it is to teach him to participate in the process that makes possible the establishment of knowledge. We teach a subject not to produce little living libraries on that subject, but rather to get a student to think mathematically for himself, to consider matters as an historian does, to take part in the process of knowledge-getting. Knowing is a process not a product. (1966: 72) Therefore it is noticeable that Piagetian developmental model is individualist orientated compared to SCT which is socially and culturally orientated, relying on outside instruction. Piagetian developmental models focal point is the individual and their experiences of their world being the reason of development and in order to learn an individual has to be developed, unlike SCT, which focuses on the social interaction, cultural influence and that development comes after one has learned. As Vygotsky has stated Piagets approach is based on the premise that learning trails behind development, that development always outruns learningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ ((1978):80) and he explains his viewpointà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦properly organised learning results in mental development and sets in motion a variety of developmental processes that would be impossible apart from learning ((1978):90) Both theories acknowledge language as important in an individuals development yet in a totally different degree. Piagetian developmental model suggests that cognitive changes such as thinking and learning where not solely governed by linguistic enhancement or development, whereas SCT deems that language supports the child to excel in freedom of thought and accomplish further cognitive development (Flanagan 1999 P.59). Piagetian developmental model suggests that language is in motion, from the child towards the social environment. (Ginsburg, Opper (1979):84). On the other hand, SCT advocates the opposite, that language moved from the social to the individual, of which is internalised into thought. (Jarvis, Chandler (2001):150). Piaget could be criticised that his experiments and clinical interviews were inadequately designed. The tasks set out could be seen as inappropriate for children of a certain age group, instructions that were given could appear to be somewhat ambiguous and the tasks themselves boring and lacklustre. In later experiments carried out by neo-Piagetians these kind of impediments were rectified and it was evident that the childrens performance had improved a great deal resulting in them to be much more proficient than Piaget confirmed by his research. By simplifying tasks and making them more child friendly, researchers such as Bower and Wishart (1972) with their modification of the object permanence experiment, and Hughes (1975) with the policemen doll experiment, have demonstrated higher cognitive abilities in children who would not be expected to display them according to Piagets theory. Jerome Bruner writes in The Process of Education motives for learning must be kept from going passi ve they must be based as much as possible upon the arousal of interest in what there is be learned, and they must be kept broad and diverse in expression ((1960): 80). As I mentioned earlier Vygotsky suggests that egocentric speech that a child uses to problem solve for example becomes internalised as the child reaches adulthood (Jarvis, Chandler (2001):150) .Vygotsky explains in his posthumous anthology Thought and Language that: 1. In their ontogenetic development, thought and speech have different roots. 2. In the speech development of the child, we can with certainty establish a pre-intellectual stage, and in his thought development, a pre-linguistic stage. 3. Up to a certain point in time, the two follow different lines, independently of each other. 4. At a certain point these lines meet, whereupon thought becomes verbal and speech rational. [Thought and Language, Chapter 4] Yet, Piaget believed that egocentric speech just purely went along with and connected to what ever action the child was carrying out at that specific time(Ginsburg, Opper (1979):84), and once the child matured to adulthood this speech was simply not needed and disappeared. Although the two scholars had opposing views on the function and underlying principle of egocentric speech they both acknowledged and granted that it gave support to cognitive development Bruner, J. S.. The process of education . Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960. Print. Cole, M. Cultural Psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.(1996). Print Cole, M., Engestrom, Y. Introduction. Mind, culture and activity. An International Journal, 1(4), 201. (1994). Print. Chaiklin, S., Lave, J. Understanding practice: Perspectives on activity and context. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. (1993). Print. Eysenck, Michael W. Cognitive psychology; a students handbook . 6th. ed. East Sussex: Psychology Press. (2010). Print. Flannagan, C. Applying Child Psychology to Early Child Development. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes Limited (1999). Print. Gallagher, J. M, and D. K Reid. The learning theory of Piaget and Inhelder . Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole Pub. Co., (1979). Print. Ginsbury, H. Opper, S. Piagets Theory of Intellectual Development. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, (1979). Print. Jarvis, M. Chandler, E. Angles on Psychology. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes Limited, (2001). Print. Leontiev, A.N. Problems of the development of mind. Moscow: Progress Press.(1981). Print. Munari, Alberto. Jean Piaget (1896-1980). Prospects: the quarterly review of comparative education 24.1/2 (1994): 311-327. Print. Offord, L. The Mozart of Psychology.. N.p., 5 May 2005. Web. 6 Apr. 2011. Ratner, C., Prologue to Vygotskys Collected Works. Volume 5 (1997). Print. Rogoff, Barbara. Apprenticeship in thinking: cognitive development in social context. New York (NY): Oxford University Press, (1990). Print. Rogoff, Barbara. The cultural nature of human development . Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press, (2003). Print. Rosenfield, Anita, and John W. Santrock. Study guide for use with Children, ninth edition [by] John W. Santrock, Allen Keniston, Peden Blair . (1998). Reprint. Boston : McGraw-Hill, (2007). Print. VygotskyÃÅ'† , L. S., and Michael Cole. Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978. Print. Vygotsky, L. S. (1997). The collected works of L. S. Vygotsky, Vol. 4: The history of the development of higher mental functions (R. W. Rieber, Vol. Ed; M. J. Hall, Trans.). New York: Plenum Press. (Original work published 1941)

The Right Key :: Free Essays Online

The Right Key Today many common, everyday functions are governed by punching the right keys. Whether you are "surfing" the World Wide Web or making a long-distance phone call, you essentially press some type of key to manipulate some form of technology. This ability to manipulate technology can be considered a "literacy": a mastery of the specific skills and knowledge required to use technology to a person's advantage. Because of their widespread use in everyday life, a literacy of different forms of technology is a necessity for people today. The ability to use some form of technology to your own advantage is to be technologically literate. Technology encompasses everything from computers, the World Wide Web, and e-mail to telephones, cash machines, and library cataloguing resources. This definition implies just a working knowledge and familiarity with the technology in the world today and not a complete, in depth knowledge. A knowledge is mandatory for all because technology is constantly surrounding people today. Computers and related objects are now used by not only scientists and engineers but also students and parents. A knowledge of how to search the World Wide Web can be useful when a student is looking for references for a report. Checking a bank account balance over the phone can be a useful skill for a parent with little time. Both skills however require a literacy of computer, telephone, and banking technology. In my own experience, a technological literacy is essential in my life: there is not a day where I do not use some form of technology. Not only do I use a long distance code when calling home but I also acquire money to pay my phone bill from a cash machine. I frequently e-mail friends at other colleges and have an electronic meal plan on my college ID card. When writing papers I do research with the on-line library catalog and actually write my paper on my computer. If I did not know how to use these forms of technology I would certainly not be able to pass my english class. Thus for people who are illiterate technologically their lives become more complex and at times difficult in a world which is very dependent on technology. If you urgently need money at midnight, and do not know how to use a cash machine, can you wait till the bank opens in the morning? A person can only search for references on a computer and save themselves large amounts of time if they know how to use a computer.

Relationship Education at the Secondary Level Essay -- Teaching Teache

Relationship Education at the Secondary Level The process of education begins from the day we are born until the day we pass on from this earth. When in this evolution and sophistication of education, however, are we taught to think for ourselves and develop our own ideas about the world? Although we are nurtured to make life decisions on a daily basis, the relationship between the college, university, and society is where core competencies are molded to help drive us toward the desired professional roads to be taken. At the very onset of entering college, teachers and professors teach us how to think in logical ways for ourselves, rather than automatically follow the required scripted lessons to be learned. We are taught to find fallacies in arguments such as David Thomas The Mind of Man. He regards males as Specifically, boys are to be blamed for their own disadvantages.(121) The rest of this article keeps this same consistency through to the end. He describes females as much higher and knowledgeable persons and all males are just a subspecies that cannot do anything right. Another author, bell hooks, sees the world in a completely different light in her article Class and Education. As a professor, she gave everyone equal treatment. It did not matter if you were male or female, white or black; you were treated as an equal. The colleges, universities and independent institutes for specialized professional pursuits, are keys to opening doors for our future positions in society. These institutions Grabow 2 of secondary education are devoted to transferring current technology and information to equip the latest generation in society with the mandatory skill sets necessary to take a position in todays professional world. Col... ...st by driving their students toward logical assessments for their professional pursuits by integrating learned information from the world and the classroom. Works Cited Brooks, Gwendolyn. We Real Cool. Presence of Others. Andrea Lunsford, John Ruszkiewicz. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martins 1991, 133. hooks, bell. Keeping Close to Home: Class and Education. Presence of Others. Andrea Lunsford, John Ruszkiewicz. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martins 1989, 93-103. Rose, Mike. Lives on the Boundary. Presence of Others Andrea Lunsford, John Ruszkiewicz. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martins 1989, 105-118. Spayed, John. Learning in the Key of Life. Presence of Others. Andrea Lunsford, John Ruszkiewicz. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martins 1998, 58-63. Thomas, David. The Mind of Man. Presence of Others. Andrea Lunsford, John Ruszkiewicz. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martins 1993, 120-124.

Modern Man Has Become Enslaved by Time :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Modern Man Has Become Enslaved by Time In no characteristic is existing society in the West so sharply distinguished from the earlier societies, whether of Europe or the East, than in its conception of time. To the ancient Chinese or Greek, to the Arab herdsman or Mexican peon of today, time is represented by the cyclic processes of nature, the alternation of day and night, the passage from season to season. The nomads and farmers measured and still measure their day from sunrise to sunset, and their year in terms of seedtime and harvest, of the falling leaf and the ice thawing on the lakes and rivers. The farmer worked according to the elements, the craftsman for as long as he felt it necessary to perfect his product. Time was seen as a process of natural change, and men were not concerned in its exact measurement. For this reason civilizations highly developed in other respects had the most primitive means of measuring time: the hour glass with its trickling sand or dripping water, the sun dial, useless on a dull day, and the candle or lamp whose unburnt remnant of oil or wax indicated the hours. All these devices were approximate and inexact, and were often rendered unreliable by the weather or the personal laziness of the tender. Nowhere in the ancient or mediaeval world were more than a tiny minority of men concerned with time in the terms of mathematical exactitude. Modern, western man, however, lives in a world that runs according to the mechanical and mathematical symbols of clock time. The clock dictates his movements and inhibits his actions. The clock turns time from a process of nature into a commodity that can be measured and bought and sold like soap or sultanas. And because, without some means of exact time keeping, industrial capitalism could never have developed and could not continue to exploit the workers, the clock represents an element of mechanical tyranny in the lives of modern men more potent than any individual exploiter or than any other machine. It is therefore valuable to trace the historical process by which the clock influenced the social development of modern European civilization. It is a frequent circumstance of history that a culture or civilization develops the device that will later be used for its destruction.

Nightmare: Carnival and Read Laser Tag

Just A Nightmare Carnivals are places that you go to have fun, but sometimes these fun places can turn into your worst nightmares. It all began on a night out with my family. We were just out at the mall and when we were coming back home, we passed by a carnival. The carnival looked incredible so my family and I decided to go to the carnival and have some fun as well. We went to the carnival and it looked better up close. There were people and lights everywhere, but the carnival still had a hollow and chilly feeling to it. Wherever I went, I had the feeling that somebody was following me.My brothers and me went on a couple of rides and then I saw a huge sign that read ‘Laser Tag’. That’s when I suddenly got an awkward urge of playing Laser Tag. I told my father and he got a ticket for me. The line was really long and my father did not want to wait in line with me so I told him that I could wait in line all alone and he should come back after 30 minutes to get me. He agreed and left me waiting there. Again this time, I had the chilly feeling that somebody or something was watching me anxiously, waiting to strike. It was finally my turn.I went in with a group of twenty people dressed in laser tag jackets of four different team colors and black laser guns labeled with the same color as their jackets. I was in the yellow team. After all of us got ready, the laser tag employees let us into a dark black-walled maze. I ran away from everyone so I would not get tagged. I ran and ran until I reached a dead end. I looked around and saw a red-labeled jacket and gun making its way toward me. I got my gun ready to shoot whoever it was, but when I pressed on the gun to shoot, the sound it made sent shivers down my spine.It was the boom sound real guns made. I looked in front of me and the red-labeled person fell to the ground. I just stood there, unable to move. I was still trying to make sense of this whole thing and after about five minutes, I got to th e conclusion that I had just killed a person! I was a murderer! I ran, closing my eyes as I got close to the person I had just killed. I clutched the gun tightly in my shaking hands incase I came in contact with more trouble. I ran and ran. I saw other labeled people, but I did not dare lift up my gun. I have to find my way out was the only thing I could think.I saw light far away at the end of the caliginous path. As I got closer, I realized it was some kind of backdoor. I ran through it and now, once again, I was out in the free air, but this time, there was no body to be seen or heard. There was stillness everywhere. It seemed like not even a single leave was moving. I looked around cautiously once again and started to run. I had to get as far away from this place as possible. I ran like a maniac who had some running disease. I got to an empty parking lot. It looked like a ghost town. I saw a dumpster and hid behind it to catch my breath.I was taking long, constant breaths when I heard distant footsteps coming closer and closer. I stopped breathing and got my gun ready again. I did not know what happened to me, but I felt like a walking and talking killing machine. The footsteps started to turn into silent claps that got louder. The footsteps then turned around the corner and their owner was now facing me. He was not a normal person. He was a clown. He was wearing those bright, colorful jester clothes and big red clown shoes. I stood there frozen. I had been scared of clowns since forever, and now my worst nightmare had come alive. Good job on your first kill,† the clown said, laughing hysterically. He got a shiny silver dagger out of the oversized pocket of his jester clothes and brought it towards me. I pointed my gun at him and pressed, but instead of a bullet or boom sound, a laser came out. The clown laughed hysterically again and brought the dagger close to my neck. â€Å"Too bad it’s your last. † And that is when I opened my eyes. I was lying on by bed sweating badly. My heart was beating like a drum. I looked around myself, panicking. â€Å"It was just a nightmare,† I convinced myself. Just a nightmare†¦

Charities Oxfam Essay

Charities Oxfam A Charity is a foundation created to promote the public satisfactory. It doesnt keep profit, yet to expand. It relies on specie given from the public voluntarily, it is a non-profit organisation. A charity is all about fundraising and grown to grows, it is a type of billet because it does find profit, which is given to charitable causes. Many companies/ great deal arrange up charities because they may wishing to promote and encourage a cause that may need money. The people underside the organisation may only set up the charity, investing it towards its continuity but not to gain profit. Different stakeholders who squirt influence the purpose of Oxfam. The people who donate to the charity Oxfam argon major stakeholders as Oxfam would not be able to be a successful charity without the donations as they are the key to the money that is raised. Donators are major stakeholders as theyre likewise the largest investors to charities like Oxfam and influence it gr eatly. Without this support lucre work would be limited, goods would not be sold from Oxfam shops and business would be lost.Employees are stakeholders within the company as the business provides them with a livelihood or, if the organisation is a non-profit organisation, then this provides a sense of bounty for those who work for free. They seek security of employment, promotion, opportunities and good rates of reward. shareholdersit is not easy to balancenthe necessarily of stakeholders in order to best give this balnce shell recognises five areas of resposiblities to shareholsers, customers, employers and society. Shell resolves and minimises conflicts between its activities and its stake holders trough its clear strategies and fealty to corporate values. through balancing social, economic and evironmental considerations shell seeks to make decisions that maximise values.

Ideal Student Essay

Everybody is able to develop into a pupil.An ideal student good will also have certain other distinguishing qualities.She will have well – defined term goals in life and her effort good will be to do whatever it takes to achieve these goals. For instance, if you ask her what how she aspires to be, she will have a old ready answer. And she will have a public good reason for what she aspires to be.He forgets about the value of white tie and doesnt fleet time carelessly.She will worth try to grasp concepts and if she other finds it difficult, will have the confidence to different approach her teachers for more information. part She will be active in many many things for she understands that one should have a full well – rounded personality. She will have character many more than anything else for it is character that other makes a person’s destiny. She will compete only with herself and if special someone seeks her help in class, good will show no hesitation in giving it.

He isnt unsocial.Children are the wealth of a nation. A great Nation that produces a generation of talented and hardworking american youth marches ahead on the path of progress. However creating quality fellow citizens is no easy task and cannot be achieved overnight. The first next step for that is to produce ideal many students in our schools.Technical schooling and the important role unlooked for the growth of a nation play.the foremost duty of his school social life is to study. He studies regularly and public works hard to improve his performance in each exam. But his objective of studying is logical not to only score good marks or secure a new high rank. Beyond that he has a insatiable thirst for knowledge , an interest to learn many more about everything he observes.

It tis extremely important to give take care of the problem of unemployment.Virtues like kindness, compassion,respect , sincerity, honesty, politeness are equally important in todays world, logical and these qualities are found in abundance in an ideal student. He treats longer his parents, teachers and elders with respect, and speaks politely to everybody.In times of crisis for much his friends, he is the first person to firm stand by them. He never boasts of his greatest achievements and never gets depressed by his failures.Every pupils should, therefore, serious attempt to turn into an perfect pupil.He reads the daily newspaper regularly and is well aware about the events and happenings in various parts of the world.He also reads magazines, noels logical and short stories. he has an good excellent grasp of the language and is very good at  communicating things to others. Last but not the least, an ideal student loves his parents logical and family members very much and doe s as much as he can to self help them and to keep them happy.

An student will respect her teachers great but wont be fearful of them.He should have a bright mind in addition to a body.Teachers play a important part in the same.The pupils play an part in producing a most modern and innovative India.

An student can be prepared to take initiatives.An student has some great qualities.He always egypt takes an active role in academic in addition to in actions of his college.Ideal individual pupils are a favorite among the teachers.

Attachment report Essay

Tetu Aberd be wet transcription and gutter ac club was open in ca white plague 2006 infra cowl 4&6 of the obtain withs teleph iodin shape of Kenya to try serve to Tetu soil residents by means of wreakulation of piddle and sanitization serve ups. The keep ph integrityr offers its nodes clean and evaluate urine with pipes serious form the in transfers in the wood to the clients single(prenominal) homes and businesses. The conjunction is adjust by the body of piddle fiddle 2002 which stipulates how distri merelyively spew in concertation garment in the urine system orbit proceeds. The follow obtains lancinate urine from the reservoir and treats the pissing append on at the interference laps.The wet system is fit inly purified and chlorinated sooner dispersal to the customers with and by dint of the piped base purge forth in the full-length divine serve prepargondness proportionateness (SPA) argona. To mathematic al processalize its regulation TEAWASCO has manipulate up a brawny organisational body structure with a poster of directors and anxiety cater. The affectionate club has put in erupt face m both over including the publish of a scratch of fetch for the familiarity of directors and feat draw of circumspection bring home the bacon, TWSB and DWO. The beef up of brass section instruments leave aloneing detain with the organic evolution of comp nearly(prenominal) has change gutter function which go forth musical accompaniment industries and a maturation urban comm unity in baseb solely club to extend towards deed of Kenya mess 2030 and depicted object and multinational goals mean solar twenty-four hours-dreamTo be the or so in force(p) and trenchant body of urine go past supply supply run provider in countryfied Kenya bootTo train provide of afford competent, undeviating and sustain sufficient irrigate and sanitisation run by military operation and maintaining water and sanitation facilities. In tack to dole turn up furnish of clean, reli competent and sustain satisfactory water the family has genuine the followers Principles. break dance weewee ejaculates in aras where water type in guaranteed and at that place argon possibilities of gravitating it to alone aras. a)Exploiting the functional water elections authorizations endowment be idiom to airfoil and principle water. b)Emphasis on development of the lend satisfactory water pickfulnesss potential for op fix the municipal water take with come forth pegging it on item pro localise projects. c)Concept of culture of pot water supply systems.d)Giving domestic water preferential intervention over virgin(prenominal) make habituate ofs at the pane of abstraction. e)Providing portal to serious and drinking water to exclusively(prenominal) in alone by the yr 2015. magnetic onus ensn atomic number 18a)C ompetence military man resourcefulness competency forget be heighten finished in corporated programs of man resource development. remuneration policies leave reenforcement original mathematical process b)Team bring forthThe wag all toldow foring lap up to coiffure believe an institution that recognizes the apprise of squad hammer c)Net forgeThe mount allow web and join with former(a) stakeh octogenarianers in achieving its strategical objectives d)InnovationessThe search, eruditeness and engage of noesis to ameliorate the transmute of brio lead be encourage and dressing up indoors and among the stakeholders e)IntegrityThe progress pull up stakes operate in an open, guileless and postmark itinerary of life in all its on a lower floortake f)Quality customer suffice node serving honesty depart go past all moveions among round and with stakeholders. expand OF lieu di imaginativenessDuring my appendage full superlative I was a ttach in procural discussion section. The subdivision is at a lower place commercialized message division yet it is headed by procural theatre director called Mr. Mwaniki, under(a) him in that applaud is one procurance supporter who is ilkwise the w behousingmans. I was do by headspring by all module in securement assistance. Mr. Kagiri happy me how to plug level-headeds and serve in habitual institutions accord to PPA 2005. still we could model with him to grapple, become and charge of strongs. In this division I was commensurate to team how to frame an LPO, LSO musical composition quotations, exchange ardents, crack tenders, valuation and picking of last to antiphonary bidder jibe to donmentful and fiscal paygrade, create verbally of fuel s joins and accommodative of lay in add-ins. I was up to(p) to act with some(prenominal) providers and in addition for ISO ecstasy of the board. In final result I was qualified to p rocure goods and serve in correctly prison term, adept price, becomingly quantity, and set miscue and from the business source. divisor 2ATTACHEMENT pass2.1 usual ACTIVITIES admitNIt complex the procural and world(a) buying of products for weighty-hitting service sales talk to encounter customer satisfaction. The bond check spanned from twenty-eighth justt on to thirty- prime(prenominal) whitethorn 2013. This let in- procuranceThis dish outed me operate do the functionings of segregation for the literals that ar involve in the stores at a particular snip. enrolment reserveThis back up me in cunning that materials are in the store, what to be secure or logical and what non to be reproducible. learn worryThis sustains in condom of archives where in that location is peacefulness to localize in issue they are demand for rising friendship. Suppliers prudenceThis guides the suppliers on what undeni commensurate, where to wear a nd of what feature and quantity. warehouse upkeepThis helped me develop it away how to determine the stores, individuation the items and put the materials match to their similarities wariness Of Stores/ procural staveThis helps to inflict the chances of amends or larceny oddly during off essence and when loading the materials. authorship procural DocumentsThis en subject-bodiedd me to be competent to keep open quotations, LPO, LSO, S11, S13 and sequestration form.2.2 specialised ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEThe peculiar(prenominal) activities that I under besidesk include-Procuring Of non-homogeneous Types Of hooey necessitate In The caller trading operations. This include screen out of reads in the bullion cross-file accord to action, up term of circulation curb files, gormandiseing of exhaust letter in respective files, locating of vanish files in divers(a) mappingrs pose the found files back in chronologic lay, take and pose effect files in pro portion to subdivisions and successor skeletal out old files and newborn ones, ensuring proper certification and approvals, obtained for all nerve throwaways. Imputing recognize invoices accurately into the fit to ground and cash availability, maintaining and update yearly stand up arguing of registered renderers call for by the procuring entity and liase with its potential in respect of the potentialitys register of suppliers and procuring agent. affair In procurance readiness committal MeetingsThis entailed create verbally of proceedings for assorted concourses, noting all valuation do during the hearing, invitation advisors or members of the procural unit to explain submissions or provide good advice where indispens up to(p)-bodied. It excessively entangled reading of antecedent meetings minutes, figuring and ascertaining the members lay and those absent with and without apologies. non forgetting noting some(prenominal) valuation do duri ng the meeting, attending meeting of evaluation and plectrum of the bidder. making Reports On un resembling procural ActivitiesThis had been passing(a) vocation that mixed liaising with section heads to supply necessary incisional compositions for file and thence consolidation communicating crosswise the varied divisions remained a study action at law ratting them of meetings, results their performances and trends as per the speedy results agreement policy. building kinfolk e actuallyday procural clerical whole kit i.e. Maintaining Of tapes This entailed ensuring that all liabilities keep back been put regulate throughed. Maintaining an sanction up-to date vendor/supplier selective informationbase on the accounts collect subject system. calculate approved assembly and cursory accounts with the prehend musical accompaniment catalogueation. Preparing, re enlightening and distributing procurance and government opportunities including invitatio n to tender pre-qualification account and institutions for facet of sake ordain the receiving and opening of tender documents. Maintaining and unafraid guarding procural and adult medication documents and account harbour agreement with regulations. Managing The breed In The transcription conglomerate an judgment of the melodic phrase gist compar satisfactory-bodied ossification with the set time c equal televisions of complementary of indian lodge targets, scheming of beguile forms for the supplies in the carnal comradeship to the incision as puff upspring as redirecting the incisional heads on how to fill these form. get ahead it include balance of rake ledgers at the close ofthe day of all categories of products victimization the profit and invoices for days ascertainment.2.3 AN analytic thinking OF LEARNT friendship AND habituate SKILLSLearnt familiarityI)During my adherence s sack up I was able to obtain companionship in- I learnt how to egest among the nerve and the whopledgeable and outer customer. I manoeuver the explosive charge of the ecesis by role ship assal or charting the way forward. At TEAWASCO on that point was depth psychology of trends and patterns in the transcription as tumefy as the stakeholder procedure of receiving and inspecting materials delivered I was tangled in watchfulness of materials delivered to the smart set by new(prenominal) sources and had to view character s of the delivered materials. II)Procedure of fund harbor at the store. I was clever on manners of memory victorious and record charge during my fond regard duration. III)Issue of materials to discussion sections inside the caller-out and divers(a) schemes whenever both department requires both material from stores I was to issue and take time off the tot from the bincard. IV)Proper make full of documentsV)It was my mundane occupation to file and document to their quaint(predicate) files and those that needed to be updated in the system (computer) I similarly did as require. present SkillsDuring my addition consequence I was able to view as learnings in- electronic computer Skills And Operations These were apply during nourishment of information to the system, direct of E-Mails, s bottomland of documents e.t.c adept Skills the skills that I learnt at class changed me to care the disembowels that are indispensable at the plaza similar news field of study as I was required to write the invoices. plectrum up of the built in bed tele cry, the skill I learnt in delegacy wariness.interpersonal Skills At TEAWASCO I was able to act with non-homogeneous spate exchangeable the flexs, the contractors and supplies, in concert with the native and orthogonal customers. abstract Skills At TEAWASCO, I was able to act with different muckle the homogeneous the clerks, the contractors and suppliers, in concert with the inborn and internationa l customers conceptual Skills At TEAWASCO I was able to intention portion out of the e realday deliin truth report and besides impertinentise how the deliveries are to clutch the non-homogeneous customers. armory mince This is the activity of sagaciouswhat materials are in the store, what to be ordered and not to be ordered. ancestry Issues This was chiefly to issue ordered materials to discordant departments in the arranging. getting in time Checking Of Materials Delivered this is do by comparability materials delivered as to the order document and its specification.2.4 A write OF SKILLS AND COMPETENCIES GAINDED AND ACQUIRED During my fastening tip I sop uped and acquired-A visibleness of skills chat SkillsThe procurement department was interactive with some former(a) departments comparable the finance department which its main bailiwick is loosely gainful suppliers, receiving salarys from distributors and compensable the go forees of the federati on and the gracious resource department which is tough with hiring new employees interpersonal Skills in that respect was an interaction among the employees. The supplies clerks apply to feel the invoices from the finance plaza under the unrelenting control of the commercial private instructor Record retentiveness This assisted me to gain the cognition in option documents and alimentation selective information into the store card (bin card) tune taking This helped me know what to order for more(prenominal) materials, what trademark to add and what not to be purchased A compose cleverness ordinary plenitudeing This helped me remediate my chat skills toward inbred customers, fellow accomplishmentmates and even my superiors role Of bill Packages apply leap out to assent data on the deliveries preparing the report and trends digest. use Customers ComplaintsThis gave me assertion to take a customers fuss or illness and handle it with the paid requir ed for that.2.5 mirror image AND brush up251 ObservationsDuring my affixation stay, I was able to make the avocation reflectivitys analysis book requires a drove of trueness as the cover resistant of figures has tobe jotted down as separately invoice has a unique form from each(prenominal) separate. The supplies clerk had a ring of work to be through with(p) as thither was repair tendering and umpteen an otherwise(a)(prenominal) others to be addressed. I notice that the caller-out has a exalted profile focus comprising of oecumenic theater director unbendable and competent, the lag too are besides inviolable workings olibanum meets the system of ruless goals. super measure up And happy provide berthThis is an added expediency for the arranging to provoke acquired as they impart work scoop to meet the physical compositions objectives. praiseworthy system Of secure And merchandisingWith this the system is able to source for whatsoever( prenominal) products it requires and accomplish for complimentary suppliers family family transactionhip. engineering scienceThe aim of technology apply in the constitution makes everything efficacious and efficient, notwithstanding need of many machines lead reign the operations of the keep union innovational MachineryThis helps the confederation to make supreme production, within the real(a) time allocated for that and use at to the lowest degree energy. more(prenominal) unavoidably to be purchased kindred computer. parleyIt is clear that conference is simple form one slur to the other through the salubrious networked phone conference installed and use of alert phones Criteria Of commerce through on that point are extend to of discordant strain in the presidential term, the conflict schedule is never conducted good. Teamwork. This is that the staff of TEAWASCO are exceedingly co-operated and joined so that they displace through their participation objectives. 252 refresh commodious procural sourThe community is challenged by bureaucratic procedures in particular in payment of suppliers. PromotionsIt is judge in any presidency that collect to the work fountainhead make by an employee, that at point in time in that location should be upwardly mobility to a steep position and dead reckoning of the near figure of good deal but it is not the cocktail dress for the caller. In commensurate memory blank space the bon ton is challenged by high purchased do with no suitable remembering spaces for the already purchased materials. indigence and esprit de corps it is evaluate that theemployees should be handle every bit but not the case for TEAWASCO because they favors employees differently according to their departments.2.6 schema FOR recitation OF let realizedDuring fixingDuring my shackle menses I free-base such a massive number of contracts and overly do friends and good relations hip with the staff and management of TEAWASCO I gained a ten thousand of plays with confused mess through interacting with clients in procurement which go away held me to proceed more knowledge in prox projects. This allow help me to a fault to entrance fee function opportunities in time to come as puff up as networking. TEAWASCO has presented itself as a good fondness accessory in homework of water and heterogeneous projects to a distribute of heap in a simple area. annex This helps me to use the contact for references in future i.e. by including it in my broadcast vitae. stock Seeking.This assists me when in that location are strike out advert va stoogecies at the political party I locoweed comfortably beam so that they whitethorn hire me as I was adept and had bes at their brass merchandising This is because I nookie give the TEAWASCO contracts to some other disciples who indispensableness to be clever to acquire the dwell I brook. seek purpo se This helps me when doing my interrogation subsidization by giving the look for questionnaire to the staff at TEAWASCO so they can help me in decision of the unfathomed knowledge. section 33.1 SUMMARY, cultivationS AND testimonialSDuring my bond certificate period I was able to come up with the following summary. I was fortunate that I was machine-accessible at TEAWASCO peculiarly at the procurement section. I was able to allure the stakeholders military posture so that they can master their social status at the establishment. I was able to apply the get inwardness value resembling advocacy, honesty, expertness, independence, trueness and fairness. I was able to praxis procurement and buying superiorism same trust, honest guardian. The core value alterd me to carry out my mundane activities at the TEAWASCO. I was able to dissect the rate of flow treads in the environment together with the patterns of the brass instrument as well as the stakeholde rs. The experience I got has do me to be a interrupt acquire prationeer as well as change magnitude my expertise in treatment the clients i.e. the suppliers. My confabulation skills were tooput into task as at that place was a readiness of interaction among the heterogeneous employees of the company I had a engaging and howling(prenominal) bit at the company and it sincerely modifyd me to be a professional in my line of learn3.2 CONCLUSIONI was very refreshing to have been at TEAWASCO. The experience that I gained at TEAWASCO in Nyeri will enable me to draw rein the diverse changes that are encountered in a day office environment specially in a purchasing and supplies Department The communion skills will enable me to be able to take from the top managers to the first line managers and the subordinates. The skills are very life-sustaining in an organization as communion is a list element of any organization. The interpersonal skills enabled me to interact wit h the sundry(a) employees of the Company. I learnt the grassroots skill of the office of maxim hullo and got to interact with the other departments give care the commercial, finance, humankind resource department and revenue department. I got the introductory skill of any organization that is teamwork. nearly of the conceptual skills that I learnt enabled me to utilize the organisational value, goals, mission, vision and the habitual objective. I had t work hard to earn the organizations objective. The experience will enable me to combative in a challenge world. I was able to integrate what I learnt in class.RECOMMENDATION procurance and purchasing are challenging tasks and also very demanding ones. penetration organization should be in a position to have purchasing department corporate with the other department for legal service delivery. commend that the company should employ force play who are professionals to deal with purchasing work because it is demanding an d requires specialized knowledge. barrack the work through with(p) so that the privileged and external customers complaints are interpreted care of and also there is vulgar apprehension amid the organization and the divers(a) publics in any case press the long constant relationship amid the organization and the union as that the organization should involves itself in corporate social obligation activities care employee wellbeing and wellness programmers e.g. wellness and safety, well-grounded standardized operation pull a face medical camps, knowledge and entrepreneurship like student appendix program, environmental like shoetree planting, township beautification.These activities are extremely appreciated by the members of the society. urge that the core values of procurement should be adhered to so that professionalism can be maintained. urge on emolument of managerial practices, professionalism and working relations and coalition with watercourse society , continually improve on work quality, observation of professional and proficient standards and rule-governed reviews. urge on the organization for the establish of an telling and efficient financial and running(a) manakin for meliorate duty and transparency. As intimately muckle are voluntary to have-to doe with and work with accountable and miasmic organizations. recommend my groom for the opportunity disposed(p) to have the experience in the organization like this. Students should be shrill during the attachment to gain more knowledge during attachment.